宾语补足语指的是跟在句子的宾语之后,补充说明宾语的状态的成分;它是动词赋予给宾语的一种成分,是动词影响宾语、感知宾语的一种结果,和动词是有联系的,且动作由宾语发出/ 状态描述的是宾语的状态(宾语补足语的逻辑主语是宾语)。
宾语补足语形式可以分为:不定式,动词原型,动词现在分词,动词过去分词,形容词,介词短语,名词。
1. 不定式做宾补
如:
He asked me to open the windows.
His dad hopes him to win the game.
My teacher told me to go home.
2. 动词原型做宾补
①使役动词(make,let,have)接宾补时,如果宾补的动作和宾语为主动关系,则宾补为动词原型
如:
Don’t let me go.
You have to make him finish his job.
②感官动词(feel, find, hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, smell)接宾补时,如果强调看到宾补动作发生的过程,则宾补为动词原型
如:
I watched him climb the mountain. 看到他爬山的全过程
I saw her drink the water. 看到她把水喝下的过程
3. 动词现在分词做宾补
感官动词接宾补时,如果强调宾语补足语的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生,则宾补用现在分词。
如:
I saw him beating the boy. 看见他正在打那个男孩
I saw him being beaten by the boy. 看见他正在被那个男孩打
I feel something burning in the kitchen. 感觉什么东西正在燃烧
4. 动词过去分词做宾补
①使役动词接宾补时,如果宾补的动作和宾语成被动关系,则宾补为过去分词
如:
I should make the job done. 让工作被完成
Do not let yourself killed. 别让自己被杀了
②感官动词接宾补时,如果强调宾补的动作和宾语成被动关系,则宾补为过去分词
如:
I saw the table broken. 看见桌子被弄烂了
5. 形容词做宾补
如:
I want to make her happy. 想然她开心
I found this story interesting. 发现故事很有趣
6. 介词短语做宾补
如:
He threw the stone into the river. 把石头扔进河里
I saw your daughter in black. 发现你的女儿穿了一身黑衣服
7. 名词做宾补
如:
I think the job a great honor. 我认为这份工作是一份荣誉
You can call me daddy. 你可以管我叫爹
补充内容:
①宾语补足语和后置定语的区别
我们都知道,后置定语是后置修饰名词成分的,和宾补的结构一样,那么如果后置定语的修饰成分在句子中作宾语,该如何区分名词成分后面的修饰成分后置定语还是宾补呢?
首先,很多时候,单看句子结构,将其理解为宾补和后置定语都是说得通的。
如:
I saw your daughter in black.
本句话如果将in black理解为宾补,句意为:我发现你的女儿穿了一身黑衣服。如果将in black理解为后置定语,则句意为:我看到了你的穿着黑衣服的女儿(也就是你不止这么一个女儿)。
再比如:
Our company needs some modern machinery to produce those parts.
这句话如果把to produce those parts理解成目的状语,那么produce those parts这个动作就是由句子主语our company发出,显然是可以的;句意则可以翻译成:为了生产那些部分,我们公司需要一些现代机器。如果理解成后置定语,那么produce those parts这个动作就是这个不定式所修饰的名词machinery发出的,显然也是可以的;句意则可以翻译成:我们公司需要一些能生产那些部分的现代机器。如果理解成宾语补足语,那么produce those parts这个动作就是由句子的宾语,也是machinery发出;句子则可以翻译为:我们公司需要让一些现代机器去生产那些部分(需要让某人去做某事:need sb to do sth)。
这种情况下,最直接的区别方法就是看语境和上下文,从而去找到最符合语境的句意。英语中会有很多种情况,单看句子很多基于语法结构的理解方式都说的通。因此看语境和上下文也是很多情况下最直接也是最容易的方法。
He gave me some suggestions concerning how to achieve my goal. 给了我一些关于如何达成目标的建议。此时如果将concerning…理解为宾补,则句意不通,所以其在此作为后置定语。
We talked about a meeting to be hold next week. 讨论了关于下周要举行的会议。如果将不定式理解为宾补,则句意不通。
也可以看到,基本上宾语补足语是和句子的谓语动词有着关系的,而后置定语和其所修饰成分较为独立,和谓语动词没有什么关系。
其次,后置定语都是可以改写成定语从句的。如:
We talked about a meeting to be hold next week. = We talked about a meeting which is to be hold next week.
②宾语补足语和双宾语的区别
双宾语一般的意思是,给…什么东西;向…展示什么东西之类的,其形式为:
动词 + 间接宾语A + 直接宾语B。
如:
The teacher gave me a computer. Me是间接宾语A,a computer是直接宾语B。
He showed us his new cellphone. Us是间接宾语A,his new cellphone是直接宾语B。
Her mom bought her some beverages. Her是间接宾语A,some beverages是直接宾语B。
双宾语结构中,一般都可以将形式“动词 + 间接宾语A + 直接宾语B”改写为
“动词+直接宾语B + to/ for + 间接宾语A”,且句意不变。至于改写之后用to还是for要根据动词来定。
如:
The teacher gave me a computer. → The teacher gave a new computer to me.
He showed us his new cellphone. → He showed his new cellphone to us.
Her mom bought her some beverages. → Her mom bought some beverages for her.
宾语补足语显然是不能这样变化的,要么是不能改写,要么是改写之后句意完全发生变化。
如:
You can call me dad. 你可以管我叫爹。如果改写为:You can call dad for me. 则句意会变为:你可以帮我给老爸打。
③宾语补足语和状语的区别
状语修饰动词,其逻辑主语是动作的发出者;宾语补足语修饰作宾语的名词,其逻辑主语是宾语。
如:
I asked him to open the windows. 我让他打开窗户
句中open the windows这个动作是由宾语him发出的,所以to open the windows是宾语补足语。
She put the books on the table. 她把书放在桌子上
句子中on the table修饰books而不是句子主语she,所以其在此做宾语补足语。
They played the tennis under the tree. 他们在树下打网球
句中under the tree修饰动作play,表示句子主语they发出动作play的位置,所以在句中做地点状语。
He opened the door to let them come in. 他把门打开以便让他们进来
句中to let them in修饰动作open,表示句子主语he发出动作open the door的目的,所以在句子中做目的状语;而后面的let them come in中的come in修饰动词let的宾语them,动作发出者是them而不是he,所以come in做宾语them的补足语。
一个用于区分宾语补足语和状语的好方法就是:状语可以提到句子的最前面而不影响句意,状语去掉之后句子语义仍然完整;宾语补足语不能放在句子的最前面,且去掉之后句子语义不完整。
如:
I asked him to open the windows. 不可改写为To open the windows I asked him. 如果去掉to open the windows,则句子变成I asked him,即“我让他”,明显句子没有说完,语义不完整。
She put the books on the table. 不可改写成On the table she put the books. 如果去掉on the table,则句子变成she put the books,即“她把书放在”,句子没有说完。
They played the tennis under the tree. 可以改写为Under the tree they played the tennis. 句意不变。去掉under the tree句子成为They played the tennis,即“他们打网球”,句意依然完整,没有话没说完的感觉。
He opened the door to let them come in. 可以改写成To let them come in he opened the door.此时句意不变。去掉to let them come in,句子变成He opened the door,即“他打开了门”,句意完整。
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